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This is a list of hereditary peers elected to serve in the House of Lords under the provisions of the House of Lords Act 1999 and the Standing Orders of the House of Lords. Aside from the Earl Marshal (the Duke of Norfolk) and the peer carrying out the office of Lord Great Chamberlain (currently the Marquess of Cholmondeley), ninety hereditary peers who are not also life peers must be elected by other peers to sit in the Lords. These ninety are either elected by all the sitting members of the Lords to be one of fifteen hereditary deputy speakers, or are one of the remaining seventy-five, elected by one of the political groups of hereditary peers sitting in the House, including the crossbenchers. The House of Lords Act 1999 excluded hereditary peers except for the two holders of royal offices plus ninety other peers, to be chosen, as agreed from time to time, by the House of Lords. It has, so far, maintained the numbers of the ninety hereditary peers as agreed in 1999: 15 'deputy speakers' of cross-House choice, 42 Conservatives, 28 crossbenchers, three Liberal Democrats, and two Labour peers chosen by the sitting hereditary peers of the relevant political groups. Political group balance of power among sitting hereditary peers is held by the 15 'deputy speakers'. From time to time the whole house uses its votes for these 'deputy speakers' to reflect its own, whole house composition, looking to the criteria used by the House of Lords Appointments Commission, namely the political group-appointed proportion of the House of Commons including crossbenchers, who are less politically affiliated. In years when the Conservatives do not form the government, there is an in-built Opposition bias, as typically a majority of hereditary peers (and at least 42) will be chosen by conservatives - counterbalanced by the appointment of life peers to other groups and by peers changing group - this is a House-sanctioned vestige of the former, largely hereditary, make-up of Conservative peers who held sway in the upper chamber since 1890. It was this political entrenchment which led to the removal of the absolute power of veto from the House of Lords at the time of the constitution-changing Parliament Act 1911 and was the chief catalyst for the removal of most hereditary peers in 1999. The total number and means of appointment is a compromise reached between hereditary abolitionist Prime Minister Tony Blair and the most senior Conservative in the Lords, a descendent of the last Prime Minister to sit in the Lords, Viscount Cranborne (now, since his father's death, Marquess of Salisbury). The latter helped to formulate the sub-composition as set out. The initial elections took place before the House of Lords Act took effect; therefore all hereditary peers could vote in those elections. From the end of the 1998/99 session of parliament until the following session, vacancies (usually triggered by death) were to be filled by runners up in the initial elections. Two Crossbench peers, Lord Cobbold and Lord Chorley, returned to the House this way, having sat before 1999. Since then, vacancies among the deputy speakers have been filled through by-elections, with all members of the House of Lords entitled to vote. In by-elections to fill vacancies in the political groups, only hereditary peers of that group sitting in the House of Lords may vote. ==Deputy speakers (i.e. hereditary peers elected by the whole House)== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「List of elected hereditary peers under the House of Lords Act 1999」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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